School of Commerce and Management Sciences

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Oil and economic growth: An econometric analysis.
(Bethany Books, 2001) Ogbokor, Cyril A.
The study focuses specifically on the effect of oil exports, non-oil exports and foreign capital inflow on Nigeria‟s economic growth performance. Using the OLSQ regression technique, we generated the relationship between the variables identified above. Relying on selected macroeconomic data for the period 1980 – 2000, the results of the study provides empirical evidence to reinforce the claim that oil exports have contributed more significantly to the growth of the Nigerian economy vis-à-vis other variables that were analysed. The paper recommends, as part of Nigeria‟s strategy for achieving rapid and sustainable economic „miracle‟ the aggressive pursuit of an export-led industrialisation policy
Investigating sources of economic growth by regression methods.
(Bethany Books, 2002) Ogbokor, Cyril A.
Impacts of selected macroeconomic variables on the economy of Angola were analysed in this study. Using a combination of simple and multiple regression models, we established the effect of these macroeconomic variables on the economic performance of Angola. Utilising time series data for the period 1978 – 2000, the results of the study indicate that exports undeniably play a critical role in the growth of the Angolan economy. In addition to other policy options, that were put forward, the paper recommends an outward looking industrialisation strategy for the economy of Angola.
Learning orientations of students in an African developing country: Implications for knowledge transfer.
(Technikon, Pretoria & NUST, 2002) Ras, P. J.; Olivier, Neavera; Tjivikua, Tjama; Grundling, J. P.
This case study investigated the impact of two principle learning orientations of students (grading orientation vs. learning orientation ) In order to evaluate their readiness to make a contribution to address the ever-increasing demands of society. The study revealed that students are aware that a learning orientation is preferred, and that their study behaviour is indeed learning oriented.
Tax and the entrepreneur in Africa: A legal case study of the Zambian situation.
(Technikon, Pretoria & NUST, 2002) Maliti, Paul
The main purpose of taxation is to raise adequate funds to finance government programs. The other purpose is to redistribute wealtn ariiongine Citizenry. Government effort in meeting the two objectives is frustrated by limited tax base, exacerbated by tax evasion especially by the self-employed, that is, the informal sector. The businessman views tax as unnecessary burden and tries hard to either reduce or avoid the tax liability. This leads to overzealous tax officers taking drastc measuures, such as garnishment and/or issue of warrant of distress, against presumed delinquent taxpayers). It is also sometimes believed that the Party that is in power will use State machinery, such as the tax authority, to destroy the businesses run by members of the Opposition. This is manifested by the collapse of once flourishing businesses run by politicians who are now in the opposition camp and the sudden success of once fragile businesses which were run by those now in the ruling political party. Furthermore, no member of the ruling party is ever in trouble with the tax authorities, until when that party loses the general elections. This paper looks at some of the recent court cases in Zambia, brought about by both the taxpayers and the tax authority. It examines whether there is respite for small and big entrepreneurs who may feel that the government of the day is out to destroy their businesses. It disproves some of the accusations of political annihilation by confirming that the aggrieved party, be it the taxpayer or the tax authority, has an opportunity to seek andfind redress in the courts of law.
Identification and screening of entrepreneurial skills in education.
(Technikon, Pretoria & NUST, 2002) Wambui, Lydiah
Entrepreneurship education should encourage students to look for creative and innovative ideas that may provide multiple solutions to problems, and develop their capacity to think independently. Education should provide an opportunity for students to learn, explore and implement ideas. One should not be punished for creative and innovative thinking (out of the mold). One should not be punished because his/ her idea was not successful but rather encouraged to continue in the search for new ideas. This will encourage learners to acquire knowledge, experience and willingness to examine problems in new ways.
Black entrepreneurship in the real estate sector in Namibia: Constraints and prospects.
(NUST., 2003) Mooya, Manya M.
Real estate offers a number of opportunities for entrepreneurial activity, notably in the areas of esatate agency, real estate development and consultancy services such as valuation. The real estate sector is particularly attractive to entrepreneurs because of relatively low start up capital requirements and the potential for huge returns in relatively short times. The world over is replete with examples of real estate tycoons. Thirteen years after independence, a cursory examination of the real estate sector shows that Black Namibians have not taken advantage of the opportunities available in this sector in any significant way. This is most evident in the estate agency business, where historically, White firms dominate, and in valuation services. In fact Namibia has not even a single private real estate valuation firm operating in the country and has to rely on external consultants. This paper examines the constraints which militate against increased Black participation in the real estate sector in Namibia. Focussing on estate agency and property valuation services, it shows that there are institutional, regulatory and other factors which work against Black participation in the real estate sector. The paper concludes by suggesting ways in which this state of affairs can be improved.
Fraud and SMEs in Namibia: Cultural reflections.
(NUST., 2003) Maliti, Paul
Fraud comprises both the use of deception to obtain an unjust or illegal financial advantage, and intentional misrepresentation affecting financial statements. Fraud is motivated by many factors, the main one being the greed in man or egoism. Many organisations tend to regard fraud as an external threat, committed by external criminal gangs against the organization (e.g. the common cheque and credit card frauds), instead of concentrating on internal threat, i.e. fraud committed by management and employees or conspiracies between internal and external forces. This paper discusses fraud in Namibia in relation to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The survey is confined to items as reported in the press since obtaining information from either the victims or the fraudsters not only requires funding (which is not readily available) but is also a very difficult task indeed. The analysis is therefore on the following lines: Types of fraud; Motivation for fraud; Methods used; Types of victims; Types of fraudsters; and Amounts involved, wherever possible to quantify. The paper concludes by indicating common areas of weakness while recommending: Possible protective measures and; Areas for future research.
Determinants of foreign direct investment: Theory and evidence, with Zambia as case study.
(NUST., 2003) Mooya, Manya M.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) constitutes a resource flow which is widely considered particularly useful for the economic development of developing countries. This resource has however, proved elusive for countries in Africa, despite widespread moves to liberalise investment regimes and offer attractive incentives. This paper reviews the determinants of FDI in the light of empirical evidence and using Zambia as a case study. Using Dunning's Eclectic Paradigm as an analytic framework, the paper shows that there are location specific variables which tend to constrain the inward flow of FDI into Zambia
Good corporate governance - Enhancing increased accountability and entrepreneurship in Namibia.
(NUST., 2003) Boamah, Kofi
"Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is viewed as a major stimulus to economic growth in developing countries" (Ama, 2003). The establishment of sound corporate governance in the public and private sector is, therefore, pivotal to Namibia attracting the essential FDI it needs to augment its economic growth. Of course, there may be often equally significant factors such as tax holidays and various investment incentives, that entice foreign investment and support economic growth. Inappropriate governance is unlikely to sway investors' decisions to bring in international resources on a sustainable basis. Good corporate governance will enable Namibia to put in place the financial infrastructure, strengthen the banking systems, develop proper capital markets by accelerating the pace of privatization and broadening the domestic investor base, formulate an appropriate regulatory framework and liberal investment regime, reform the judiciary system and contain corruption. These are the answers to the question of accountability that enhance the promotion of entrepreneurship in an economy. This paper explores the concept of corporate governance in Namibia, how accountability on the part of business leaders, companies and industries will lead to trust and support of stakeholders;and the promotion of entrepreneurship that will provide the economic growth so desperately needed to emancipate the people from economic desperation and the doldrums.
Ethics and values - Are they forgotten in our work place, community and society?
(2003) Asemota, O. O.
Throughout history, every human society has had its norms and values that its members obey to sustain its smooth existence. When people deviate from these norms, the society is in decadence. In the traditional society, hard work, respect for others and their belongings, the protection of one‟s dignity and name and that of one‟s family, honesty, constitute the basic ingredients of morality. As can be observed in the society of today, morality has been on the decline. This present generation is fast putting the ethics of life off shore giving way to immorality, violence, unethical practices that each day seems to say “I have come to stay” defiantly in the face of our wide spreading religion. Patterns of behaviour that were universally deemed to be morally unacceptable (both in the society, work place, or community) are today being vigorously promoted as viable alternatives. This is most evident in the area of sexual behaviour of men and women (child abuse), corruption in high places, misappropriation of assets, just to mention a few of the unethical behaviour. This paper attempts to evaluate the causes of unethical behaviour and its attendant consequences within the society. More specifically, this paper will address the possible strategies that can be put in place to ensure decorum in the conduct of business and general behaviour. The paper further examines the roles expected from the following key players in the society: the family, religious organizations, professional bodies that regulate the conduct of business practices, governments, non-governmental organizations, schools and counsellors.
Managing human capital for optimum performance.
(2004) Asemota, O. O.
People undoubtedly constitute the most valuable asset in any enterprise be it public or private. Until we acknowledge that the expert in any particular job is most often the person performing it, we shall forever limit the potential of that person in terms of both his contribution to the organisation and his personal development. Man, as one of the 5Ms of factors of production, (machines, materials, money and management of time) plays the role of a hub, without which the organisation cannot function effectively. Faced with rapid change that pervades business environment, organisations need to develop a more focused, dynamic and coherent approach to managing its human resources. Managing the human capital of any enterprise requires a complex and effective utilization of both human and material resources. It is against this background that this paper will examine how people are managed for desired results. This paper further examines the paradigm shift in the roles (past, present and the future) of Human Resource practitioners in the management of people for optimum results. Literature reviewed, so far, maintained that managing people for optimum performance is a sine qua non. Most specifically, this paper will address strategies put in place by forward looking organisations to ensure that right employees are acquired, maintained and discharged in such a way that they bring returns on investments, not only to the enterprise but to themselves and community at large. A further review of managing human resource diversity is highly recommended.
Impacts of inflation on Namibian growth: An empirical study.
(Asian Network for Scientific Information (ANSNET), 2004) Ogbokor, Cyril A.
The impact of inflation on growth performance through a case study of Namibia is analysed in the article. The methodology involves estimating a general model, which provides for capturing the impact of inflation as well as imported inflation interactively with economic openness on economic growth. The sample period runs from 1991 - 2001. The research found that economic growth reacted in a predictable fashion to changes in the regressors employed in the study. The results obtained from the study also refelects the conventional thinking in the literature that, ceteris paribus, the growth impact of inflation can be counter productive, especially if not controlled. The study recommends appropriate anti-inflationary measures for the Namibian economy. A further study on how to minimize the negative repurcussion of inflation on the economy of Namibia is highly recommended.
Unethical practices: Bane of effective enterprise management.
(2005) Asemota, O. O.
There is no human endeavour that does not require proper management for its proper functioning. Every organisation whether small, medium or big, requires good corporate governance to function effectively. Furthermore, businesses are guided by rules, regulations and policies that shape and control employees’ behaviour. Once these rules are violated, objectives of the business may be jeopardised and consequent, enterprise collapse in the long run. Ethical conduct of business is non-negotiable if entrepreneurs desire growth and sustainability. It is against this background that this paper attempts to appraise causes of unethical behaviour and its resultant effects on entrepreneurship development. Furthermore, the paper examines the roles of the entrepreneur and the employees, with a view of specifically addressing the strategies and mechanisms that can be put in place to minimise the trend of corrupt practices in the conduct of business.
Macroeconomic impact of trade on Namibian growth: An empirical illustration.
(Frontiers in Bioscience., 2005) Ogbokor, Cyril A.
The study analyses the role of trade on the economy of Namibia by considering a different specification of the traditional export growth model. Foreign direct investment is included to capture the potential effect of this variable on growth. Utilising a combination of bivariate and multivariate models, the researcher estimated the relationship between the selected macroeconomic variables used for the study. Macroeconomic data used runs from 1991 to 2001. The results of the study confirm that exports and inward foreign direct investment are critical sources of growth in the Namibian economy. The study concludes by recommending, inter alia, the pursuit of an aggressive and vibrant export industrialization policy for Namibia as well as direction for further research.
Time-series evidence for export-led growth paradigm: A case study of Zimbabwe.
(Frontiers in Bioscience., 2005) Ogbokor, Cyril A.
The study addresses empirically the Export-led Growth Hypothesis (ELGH) using Zimbabwe as a case study. This research work attempts to provide some evidence in this regard by examining the influence of trade on economic growth in the economy and ascertaining if the regressors utilised are good predictors of growth. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method is resorted in order to estimate the specified equations used in the study. The time-series data utilized runs from 1991 to 2003. The results of the study confirm the existence of the export-led growth model in Zimbabwe. In the face of continual instability in its export receipts, we recommend that fundamental economic and political restructuring should be embarked upon in order to address and subsequently reverse the present situation.
The applicability of the short-run Phillips Curve to Namibia.
(Frontiers in Bioscience., 2005) Ogbokor, Cyril A.
In this research, we invoke linear and logarithmic regression models to empirically test the validity of the Short-run Phillips curve for Namibia by relying on macroeconomic time-series data running from 1991 to 2005.Our results offer some support for the presence of the phenomenon of stagflation in Namibia. This is rather contradictory to the underlying philosophy of the original Phillips curve. In the light of the outcome of the investigation anti-inflation cum unemployment measures are suggested. Further studies focussing on the applicability of the Phillips curve to the economy of Namibia is strongly recommended.
The impact of trade on Africa: Empirical evidence from Zimbabwe.
(2005) Ogbokor, Cyril A.
The research addresses empirically the Export-led Growth Hypothesis (ELGH) using Zimbabwe as a laboratory test ground. This research work attempts to provide some evidence in this regard by examining the influence of trade on economic growth in the economy and ascertaining if the regressors utilised are good predictors of growth. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method is resorted in order to estimate the specified equations used in the study. The time-series data utilized runs from 1991 to 2003. The results of the study confirm the existence of the export-led growth model in Zimbabwe. In the face of continual instability in its export receipts, we recommend that fundamental economic and political restructuring should be embarked upon in order to address and subsequently reverse the current situation that Zimbabwe finds itself. Finally, it is envisaged that the results arising from this study would be useful to the other economies of Africa, especially in their export drive.
Impacts of trade on SADC economies: Some evidence from Angola.
(2006) Ogbokor, Cyril A.
Impacts of selected macroeconomic variables on the economy of Angola are analysed in this study. Using a combination of simple and multiple regression models, we established the effect of these macroeconomic variables on the economic performance of Angola. Utilising time series data for the period 1980 to 2005, the results of the study indicate that exports undeniably play a critical role in the growth of the Angolan economy. In addition to other policy options, that were put forward, the paper recommends an outward looking industrialisation strategy for the economy of Angola, including the other Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries. The direction for further research on the issue under investigation is also strongly recommended.
Strategic management of HIV/AIDS-affected personnel in confined work places and environs: Focus on staff of the Namibian Security Forces.
(2006) Asemota, O. O.
This paper assesses the management of HIV/AIDS in the Namibian Security Force from policy environment and work assignments levels. An attempt is made to characterize the security force members in terms of how operational and strategic policy directives impact their lives, behaviour patterns and relationships in both pre and post-HIV/AIDS conditions. Special attention is directed on the effect of location of the security forces, especially in resettlements and informal communal settings. The paper concludes with strategic policy recommendations for management of HIV/AIDS-infected and affected security force personnel for optimum performance and quality of life.
Advancing entrepreneurship education in Namibia: A practical approach.
(NUST & Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa., 2007) Mbaziira, S.; Oyedokun, Comfort
This paper is a qualitative analytical study of competences in entrepreneurial education. It is based on an initiative which analyzed various approaches to entrepreneurial education in Namibia. In the recent past, promoting entrepreneurial education at local, regional and national levels has become a high priority in public policy. The Namibia educational systems have expanded dramatically while the graduate job market is declining tremendously. Entrepreneurial education which can lead to job creation is a sinequo non. The different approaches to entrepreneurial education in Namibia are analyzed. The differences in conceptual, contextual, design and delivery impact both positively and negatively on entrepreneurial eduaction in Namibia. A number of actual and perceived barriers need to be overcome to facilitate a better understanding of entrepreneurial education. The conclusion and recommendations could offer valuable insight into the important aspects of entrepreneurial education in Namibia. Various stakeholders could also derive some benefits including policy makers, educators, government agencies and students. A further study on entrepreneurship education and curricula practices is highly recommended.

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