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Item 25 Years of Land Reform(Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute, 2015) Werner, WolfgangThe Land, Livelihoods and Housing Programme aims at deepening and expanding the focus on these three key issues in Namibia. This thematic approach seeks to reflect the wide-ranging skills exiting at the FNRSS, and was developed to guide ILMI’s activities during the 2014-18 period. The programme is organised in four aspects: institutional, environmental, fiscal and spatial processes.Item The ABC Model(Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute, 2018-05) Christensen, ÅseHow does one build up an analysis? And how does one create the link between the individual partial-analyses in a problem-oriented project work? These are the two main issues that this booklet gives an overview of. This document is a presentation of a way in which an analysis, a sub-project and a project can be structured.Item An analysis of the risk of collisions between aircraft and vultures in Namibia(Environmental Information Service and Namibia University of Science and Technology, 2020) Hauptfleisch, Morgan; Knox, Nichola; Heita, P; Aschenborn, Ortwin; MacKenzie., Monique LeaCollisions between aircraft and birds and other animals occur frequently and are known in the aviation industry as wildlife strikes. They are considered to be one of the most serious safety and financial risks to the global aviation industry. The International Civil Aviation Organisation, a United Nations specialised Agency, requires that the appropriate authority shall take action to eliminate or to prevent the establishment of any source which may attract wildlife to the aerodrome, or its vicinity, unless an appropriate wildlife assessment indicates that they are unlikely to create conditions conducive to a wildlife hazard problem. Namibian airports reduce the wildlife strike risk by managing the airport habitat and actively chasing birds and other hazardous animals away. The bird strike risk in airspace between airports is not managed or assessed in Namibia. Following one White-Backed Vulture strike and several reports of near-misses with vultures by pilots of small aircraft, this study investigated possible collision hotspot areas considering small commercial aircraft flight paths and vulture movement areas. The study used spatial proximity analysis and temporal overlap to compare telemetry and nesting location data for the three most commonly encountered vulture species to flight paths and times of small commercial aircraft. Collision risk hotspots were identified over three national parks: Etosha, Waterberg and the Pro-Namib portion of the Namib-Naukluft. Ascending from, or approaching, Hosea Kutako International Airport from the east was identified as a particular risk for White-backed Vulture conflict, while risk of Lappet-faced vulture strikes was high to the east of Walvis Bay airport. Flight times of vultures and aircraft corresponded greatly, increasing the collision risk. The recommendations of this work are that pilots of small commercial aircraft should be made aware of particular risk areas, and that landing at Hosea Kutako from the east, or taking off in an easterly direction should be minimised when wind conditions allow, to reduce vulture collision risk.Item An analysis of the risks collisions between aircraft and vultures in Namibia(Namibian Journal of Environment, 2020-05) Hauptfleisch, ML; Knox, Nichola; Aschenborn, O; MacKenzie, ML; Heita, PCollisions between aircraft and birds and other animals occur frequently and are known in the aviation industry as wildlife strikes. They are considered to be one of the most serious safety and financial risks to the global aviation industry. The International Civil Aviation Organisation, a United Nations specialised Agency, requires that the appropriate authority shall take action to eliminate or to prevent the establishment of any source which may attract wildlife to the aerodrome, or its vicinity, unless an appropriate wildlife assessment indicates that they are unlikely to create conditions conducive to a wildlife hazard problem. Namibian airports reduce the wildlife strike risk by managing the airport habitat and actively chasing birds and other hazardous animals away. The bird strike risk in airspace between airports is not managed or assessed in Namibia. Following one White-Backed Vulture strike and several reports of near-misses with vultures by pilots of small aircraft, this study investigated possible collision hotspot areas considering small commercial aircraft flight paths and vulture movement areas. The study used spatial proximity analysis and temporal overlap to compare telemetry and nesting location data for the three most commonly encountered vulture species to flight paths and times of small commercial aircraft. Collision risk hotspots were identified over three national parks: Etosha, Waterberg and the Pro-Namib portion of the Namib-Naukluft. Ascending from, or approaching, Hosea Kutako International Airport from the east was identified as a particular risk for White-backed Vulture conflict, while risk of Lappet-faced vulture strikes was high to the east of Walvis Bay airport. Flight times of vultures and aircraft corresponded greatly, increasing the collision risk. The recommendations of this work are that pilots of small commercial aircraft should be made aware of particular risk areas, and that landing at Hosea Kutako from the east, or taking off in an easterly direction should be minimised when wind conditions allow, to reduce vulture collision risk.Item Ancestral land(Namibia University of Science and Technology, Integrated Land Management Institute, 2018) Katjiua, MutjindeAncestral land refers to ‘land of ancestors’. That is the land occupied by ones’ forebearers for generations and left something behind of value for current and future generations. There are usually contestations as to which ancestors the land belongs because of the history of internal migration and of displacements by stronger nations (tribes).Item Application of a total station in savanna vegetation surveys.(NUST, 2004-05) Graz, F.P.The article describes the methods used to obtain data with the use of a total station. The advantage of the proposed method is the ease with which data for investigation of spatial relationships between plants and topographical features may be obtained. In addition to location, the total station can be used to assess some plant parameters such as plant height, crown spread, trunk size and othersItem Application of a total station in savanna vegetation surveys.(Namibian Scientific Society., 2004) Graz, F. P.The article describes the methods used to obtain data with the use of a total station. The advantage of the proposed method is the ease with which data for investigation of spatial relationships between plants and topographical features may be obtained. In addition to location, the total station can be used to assess some plant parameters such as plant height, crown spread, trunk size and others.Item Are urban land tenure regulations in Namibia the solution or the problem?(Taylor & Francis, 2009) De Vries, Walter; Lewis, JoeLand tenure in Namibia is regulated by a variety of Acts, some of which date back to as far as 1937, and some of which are yet to be approved by Cabinet. This variety of Acts makes it difficult to evaluate the performance of land administration as a whole, and the appropriateness of coercive instruments with regards to urban land tenure in particular. In this article we evaluate how urban land tenure regularization practices are conducted in Namibia, and to compare new formal procedures, designed to address problems of efficiency and efficacy, to older existing procedures, supposedly not efficient or effective. This evaluation uses a theoretical framework of (Pritchett and Woolcock, 2004) , which deals with public service delivery and transaction-intensive services. Applying this framework for a comparative analysis of 5 different land subdivision practices – each relying on a different land-related act - we conclude that the degree of regulation and regularization is perhaps not so much a solution for urban land tenure problems but perhaps more of a problem in itself.Item Assessing Namibia’s performance two decades after independence.(2011) Christiansen, T.This paper presents the results of a study which reviews Namibia’s performance over its two decades since independence. The study examines the achievements and shortcomings of the country in various fields: politics, civil society, economy, and social / socio-economic development. The results have been split into two separate but interconnected papers. This first article analyses Namibia’s situation at the dawn of independence, its external support by foreign countries and Namibia’s overall performance as compared to the neighbouring countries Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The present paper evaluates in particular data drawn from the World Bank Development Indicator Database and the 2010 Ibrahim-Index of African Governance. A subsequent second paper will present a more detailed appraisal of the above-mentioned development sectorsItem Assessing Namibia’s performance two decades after independence. Part 2: Sectoral Analysis.(2011) Christiansen, T.This paper presents the results of a study which reviews Namibia’s performance over its two decades since independence. The study examines the achievements and shortcomings of the country in various fields: politics, civil society, economy, and social / socio-economic development. The results have been split into two separate but interconnected papers. This first article analyses Namibia’s situation at the dawn of independence, its external support by foreign countries and Namibia’s overall performance as compared to the neighbouring countries Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The present paper evaluates in particular data drawn from the World Bank Development Indicator Database and the 2010 Ibrahim-Index of African Governance. A subsequent second paper will present a more detailed appraisal of the above-mentioned development sectors.Item ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF OMARURU MUNICIPAL DUMPSITE ON GROUNDWATER WITHIN OMARURU RIVER BASIN.(2020-10) Andreas, Jesaya N.River basins are vulnerable to pollution from anthropogenic activities such as the disposal of waste from domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities. The anthropogenic activities can be a source of contamination, consequently affecting the quality and quantity of groundwater. The study aimed at assessing the impact of the Omaruru municipal dumpsite on groundwater quality. Ideal individual sampling sites were selected based on their positions relative to the municipal dumpsite. Water and soil samples were analysed onsite for physical and chemical parameters including Total Dissolved Solids (3036 mg/L), Turbidity (1.69 NTU) and Electrical Conductivity (20 mS/cm) by using HANNA, H19811-5 multi-meter instrument. Heavy metals (lead, manganese, iron, copper, cadmium) that can impact groundwater quality were analysed in the laboratory using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and geochemical analysis of soil samples were was conducted in a laboratory using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). High concentrations of heavy metals were measured in water from boreholes located downgradient of the river sub-catchment. A strong correlation relationship was found between the concentration of chemical parameters found in the soil from the municipal dumpsite and groundwater from nearby water boreholes. Chemical parameters that exceeded the Namibian water quality standards were Calcium (Ca) 100-300 mg/l > (90 mg/l), Chloride (Cl) 250> (64 mg/l), Iron (Fe) 0.3 mg/l > (0.1mg/l) and Copper (Cu) 1.3mg/l > (0.5mg/l). Chemical parameters that were found within Namibian water quality standards and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards were Potassium (K) 0.2 mg/l < (1 mg/l), Magnesium (Mg) 0.07 mg/l < (25 mg/l), Barium (Ba) 0.03 mg/l < (0.5 mg/l), Lead (Pb) 0.015mg/l < (0.05) mg/l, Cadmium (Cd) 0.03 mg/l < 0.01 mg/l) and Nickel(Ni) 0.07mg/l< (0.25 mg/l). Contamination Factor (CF) of the study area ranged between 0.8–2.7 indicating the degree of overall groundwater contamination of the sampled sites. The Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) values from the study were measured between 0.003-0.7, while the value of Pollution Load Index (PLI) of the study area was at 2. The PLI value of >1 is polluted whereas a value of <1 indicates no pollution. A strong positive correlation existed between heavy metals found in water and soil from the municipal dumpsite. Concentrations of physical and chemical parameters were benchmarked with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Namibian water standards for drinking water quality.Item Assessment of Atmospheric Dispersion of Fly Ash within the Vicinity of Van Eck Coal-Fired Power Station, Windhoek, Namibia(2020-04) Aushiku, NdeukumwaIncrease in population led to the growth of industrialisation which has stimulated the development of alternatives to produce electricity, including the use of coal. Coal-fired power plants produce an abundant amount of electricity, addressing the ever-increasing electricity demand. Power plants produce fly ash as a result of coal combustion for electric power generation. The Van Eck Power Station is the oldest and only coal-fired plant in Namibia that is located at the outskirts of Windhoek. The power plant produces electricity from the combustion of coal. Its refurbishment began in 2013, to improve its efficiency and allow for longer operational period. Van Eck’s rehabilitation included coal feeders which reduce emissions and new grates for boiler units which reduce ash emissions to ensure that the plant is a cleaner coal-fired power plant. Fly ash is produced when coal is pulverised and blown with air into the boiler's combustion chamber where it directly burns and generates heat. Trace elements in coal deposits would not only contaminate the air, soil and underground water but also have an impact on human health. The thesis was aimed at assessing the possible pollutant elements found in fly ash and soil in areas surrounding the Van Eck Power Station. The thesis was also aimed at modelling the distribution and dispersion of those elements at a particular distance in areas around the Van Eck power plant using the Gaussian Plume Model. Soil samples were obtained from sites within the vicinity of Van Eck Power Station, and XRF Analysis was used to determine the concentration of elements in the soil. To obtain samples of fly ash, fall out buckets filled with distilled water were mounted on poles away from the main source of pollution. The deionised water was analysed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) Analysis method for the detection of elements. Gravimetric analysis was also applied to measure the weight of dust, which in the report is expressed as fly ash. The study revealed more concentration of sulphur oxides specifically as sulphites and sulphates, as well as Zinc, while the rest of the elements of interest were detected significantly in low amount. Others were below the level of detection in both the fly ash and soil sampling. Also, soil sampled near the power plant was detected with a high amount of SOx and Zinc. Fly ash collected showed that areas near the power plant contain more pollutants than areas further from the power plant. Ash captured through the dust-fallout bucket method within the jurisdiction of the power plant was above the South African dust monitoring criteria. The model illustrated that elements during the day were more absorbed than reflected during the night. Based on the research analysis, it was found that the power plant does not produce an abundant amount of pollution due to off-peak operations. However, comprehensive results may be obtained if this type of research is repeated on a different, specified timeframe. The station may require control efficiency compliance measures for noxious gases and particulate matter (PM) concentrations. These results will be important in the formulation of emission limits, air quality guidelines and control of emission of pollutants. Air quality modelling is essential in baseline reports of projects.Item Assessment of Heavy Metal Content of Drain Water within Cement Production Environment in Port Harcourt, Nigeria(2021) Iyama, W, Azuka; Edori, O, Simeon; Nwagbara, V, UzomaThis study was based on the assessment of heavy metal content of drain water within the vicinity of cement factory and other associated activities. Heavy metal concentration analysis was done using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer as described in APHA 3111B and ASTM D3651 The present research work deals with the study of seven (7) heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb). The result showed ranges of Cr (0.25±0.01-0.29±0.01, Fe (<0.01-0.02±0.00), Mn (0.34±0.01-0.39±0.02), Cu (0.41±0.05-0.52±0.03), Zn (0.44±0.04-0.54±0.04), Cd (0.09±0.03-0.18±0.04), Pb (0.01±0.00-0.02±0.00). There was low concentration of Fe but Cu is gradually building up as its concentration is very close to the WHO limits even though below that of FEPA/ FMENV and SON. A one way ANOVA was used to compare the relationship of the three months (April, May and June) and the three stations (X, Y, Z). Temporal and spatial variation showed result not significant (p<0.05) as F-ratio were 0.1224 and 0.0121 respectively. Similarly, t-test was used to compare the mean values from the control values (p≤0.05). The result showed that for April and June there were statistical significance unlike in May compared to the control station results. The study also revealed that Cr, Mn, Zn, Cd exceeded the regulatory standards but Pb presence is a potential threat. The potential variation of heavy metals in the study was of the trend, FeItem Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Road Infrastructure in Countries: A study of the Namibia Scenario.(Scientific Research Publishing, 2019-12-17) Nwagbara, Victor, U; Iyama, William, AThe assessment of the impact of road infrastructure in the developing countries using the Namibian case scenario was done based on the contemporary challenges of road use. This study employed a qualitative technique using a sample size of thirty (30) selected by the simple random sampling technique. The use of charts, tables and frequencies were done to explain certain trends in the study. A well-structured, valid and reliable questionnaire instrument was designed for the study based on the following research questions; what are the impacts ofroad transport on the Namibian environment and what are the possible measures that may be used to reduce environmental impact of road transport on the Namibian environment? Twenty-fiverespondents (83%) agreed that road transfer has drastically improved development and 26 (87%) respondents also accepted that it can improve Namibian economy. Similarly, it has also improved communication and technology greatly according to 27 (90%) respondents. To add more credence to the impact of road transport on the economy, all the 30 (100%) of the respondents agreed that road transport aids mobility within Namibia while 27 (90%) respondents supported the opinion that road transport aids in job search, 3(10%) disagreed. The result shows that car owners service are potential threats which can affect pollution levels as was supported by 97% to cause environmental pollution as well as 100% when combined with energy consumption. Similarly, all the respondents indicated the potential of increased accident rate from poor road safety. Felling of trees poses great danger (97% response) due to the degradation of the environment. Most respondents (77 and 83%) agreed that road transport can lead to land encroachment and loss of aesthetic and farming. This research has shown that eventually death rate may increase from mere ill-health to from the degraded ecosystem,24 respondents (80%).So many policies to protect the environment but the practical measures are to encourage impact assessment studies for road projects, land use control and human safety precautions on road use.Item Assessment of the Pollution Load of the Woji Creek Water Body, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, South-South, Nigeria(Advanced Research in Chemical Science, 2020) Iyama, William Azuka; Edori, Onisogen Simeon; Nwagbara, Victor UzomaThis study was aimed at assessing the pollution load of the Woji Creek River Water in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. This was based on eight water quality parameters of THC, PAHs, TOC, TOM, Oil/ Grease, DO, COD and BOD using three study stations in each area composed of the Woji, Akpajo and Rumuwoji River Water. The DO, BOD, COD were analyzed using Titrimetry, PAHs by the HPLC, TOC by the NDIR, while Oil/ Grease was analyzed by Partition Gravimetry. The result showed highest mean values of 0.68±0.028 (THC), 0.27±0.03 (PAHs), 5.94±0.023 (TOC), 10.24±0.016 (TOM), 10.78±0.02 (Oil/Grease), 5.51±0.00 (DO), 36.40±0.10 (BOD) and 104±1.00 (COD). The result showed that of partialregeneration but polluted when compared to known permissible limits and previous research studies. This may be attributed to the dilution effect of rainfall. There is an ardent need to monitor and control anthropogenic inputs into this strategically located water body which traverses the oil rich city of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.Item Can mouse and keyboard chase out chalk and blackboard in engineering education?(Namibia Open Learning Network Trust (NOLNET), 2005) Oyedokun, Zacchaeus; Oyedokun, ComfortThe face-to-face method of instruction has dominated the teaching arena from time immemorial. However the rapid advances in information, computer and communication technology is rapidly changing the mode of knowledge transfer from teacher to learner. Remote classrooms and the virtual environment has seen the distribution of learning in time and space. However, there are challenges that must be faced in order for this mode of teaching to permeate all corners of knowledge transfer. There has been some resistance to adopting virtual classroom in practical-intensive, equation-laden courses. This paper discusses strategies that may be employed to surmount the hurdles. It shows that developing a digital learning suite is a prerequisite to successful floating of laboratory and/or equation intensive courses. The digital learning suite is a prerequisite to floating engineering courses in a virtual learning platform where the chalk and blackboard has been replaced by mouse and keyboard.Item Collaborative postgraduate programme in applied science in earth observation, Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing(Klaus Hess Publishers, 2018) Louw, Frikkie; Mwewa, Lameck; Maphanyane, Joyce; Sakala, Enock; Motola, SiddiqueCapacity-building in the Southern Africa Science Services Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Management (SASSCAL) is an essential part of the initiative’s science programme. One of the major capacity limitations identifi ed at the Southern African Development Community (SADC) level is in the fi eld of Earth Observation, Geographic Information Systems, and Remote Sensing. Within Task 303, a collaborative Master of Science degree in Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing, and Earth Observation was designed and implemented by four SADC universities: University of Botswana (UB), University of Zambia (UNZA), Cape Peninsula University of Science and Technology (CPUT, SouthAfrica), and Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST), the coordinating university.)Item Comparison of Three Algorithms for the Evaluation of TanDEM-X Data for Gully Detection in Krumhuk Farm (Namibia)(2019) Vallejo Orti, M.; Negussie, K.; Corral-Pazos-de-Provens, E.; Höfle, B.; Bubenzer, O.Namibia is a dry and low populated country highly dependent on agriculture, with many areas experiencing land degradation accelerated by climate change. One of the most obvious and damaging manifestations of these degradation processes are gullies, which lead to great economic losses while accelerating desertification. The development of standardized methods to detect and monitor the evolution of gully-affected areas is crucial to plan prevention and remediation strategies. With the aim of developing solutions applicable at a regional or even national scale, fully automated satellite-based remote sensing methods are explored in this research. For this purpose, three different algorithms are applied to a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated from the TanDEM-X satellite mission to extract gullies from their geomorphological characteristics: (i) Inverted Morphological Reconstruction (IMR), (ii) Smoothing Moving Polynomial Fitting (SMPF) and (iii) Multi Profile Curvature Analysis (MPCA). These algorithms are adapted or newly developed to identify gullies at the pixel level (12 m) in our study site in the Krumhuk Farm. The results of the three methods are benchmarked with ground truth; specific scenarios are observed to better understand the performance of each method. Results show that MPCA is the most reliable method to identify gullies, achieving an overall accuracy of approximately 0.80 with values of Cohen Kappa close to 0.35. The performance of these parameters improves when detecting large gullies (>30 m width and >3 m depth) achieving Total Accuracies (TA) near to 0.90, Cohen Kappa above 0.5, and User Accuracy (UA) and Producer Accuracy (PA) over 0.50 for the gully class. Small gullies (<12 m wide and <2 m deep) are usually neglected in the classification results due to spatial resolution constraints within the input DEM. In addition, IMR generates accurate results for UA in the gully class (0.94). The MPCA method developed here is a promising tool for the identification of large gullies considering extensive study areas. Nevertheless, further development is needed to improve the accuracy of the algorithms, as well as to derive geomorphological gully parameters (e.g., perimeter and volume) instead of pixel-level classification.Item COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF USING AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES FOR ENHANCING BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN NAMIBIA(2020-11) Agbo, Onjefu L.This research work aimed at an understanding of the impact of using local agricultural residues to enhance building performance in Namibia. As human lifestyles improved with the emergence of high economic growth and technologies, the increasing demand for energy in Namibia as a developing country is posing a serious challenge to government and lawmakers in the allocation of funds for appropriate researches and technologies. One such appropriate kinds of research involve developing appropriate material technologies that will improve energy efficiency in the form of using agricultural residues/wastes readily available in Namibia. Like other developing countries, the building sector accounts for approximately 40% of total energy usage in Namibia. For that purpose, the efficient use of energy within buildings is a needed requisite to alienate against rising energy costs and contribute towards decreasing global greenhouse gas emissions. Namibia´s energy usage of buildings closely reflects these global trends and this research therefore aimed at validating its results through the construction of rigs following the design concept of the prototype of the EEBN (Energy Efficient Building in Namibia) research project at the Namibia University of Science and Technology campus that was designed, constructed and equipped through funding from EEP (Energy Efficiency Programme), in partnership between NUST and Carinthia University of Applied Sciences Austria. Through appropriate mixed designs of well-selected locally available agricultural residues, insulating boards and bricks of standard sizes were developed, and results validated through the construction of rigs. Thermal conductivities and transmissibility of the insulating boards together with compressive strength, water absorption were also measured for bricks to measure the degree of thermal effectiveness/efficiency of a standard residential building. This is to establish how the use of affordable and readily available local materials can be used to develop high-quality and energy- efficient building materials which when used in building construction will improve the comfort level of occupants without the use of conventional heating and cooling devices. Vary mixed percentages of residues of maize, millet, rice, and cow dung were designed to develop eleven 220cm by 110 cm by 40 cm board samples (labelled AK) from residues of maize, millet, rice, and cow dung. The samples were compacted, sun-dried for 7 days, and tested for thermal conductivity and thermal resistivity using a thermal conductivity test machine EP500e. Results from the eleven samples tested revealed that sample C (composed of 10% maize, 10% millet, 30% rice, and 40% cow dung) gives the lowest thermal conductivity (i.e. of 54.65 mW/(m*K)) and the highest thermal resistivity (i.e. 0.6935 m2K/W), hence a very good thermal efficiency as compared with sample A (composed of 40% maize, 30% millet, 10% rice and 20% cow dung) that gave the highest thermal conductivity and lowest thermal resistivity, hence considered poor thermal efficiency. Regression analyses conducted between the best (i.e. sample C) and the worst (i.e. sample A) revealed an R2 value of 95% and 91% respectively Test rigs were constructed and equipped with appropriate devices both inside and outside. Wide- ranging measurements were conducted, and results related to thermal behaviour of the interior at fluctuating changes in temperature at the exterior especially at extreme summer and winter periods were obtained. The three prototype Rigs, with varying compositions, were designed and built using standard building procedures. Rig A (TAR 1) with 150 mm thick internal and external walls; made of standard bricks of 7 MPa, insulated with a compacted mixture containing 20% (wt.) Maize, 10 % (wt.) Millet, 30% (wt.) Rice and 40% (wt.), 30% (wt.) Cow dung; Rig B (Tamb2) 40% (wt.) with Maize, 30% (wt.), Millet, 10% (wt.), 20% (wt.), 20%wt. Marble dust and C (TNo3) that serve as control rig. Outside and inside temperatures of the Rigs were monitored during the warm (September 2017 - March 2018) and cold (April to August – 2018) seasons. Temperature and humidity sensors installed at critical positions in the interior of the building were connected to the symmetron data logger. Results of the three design concepts revealed that TAR 1 (Rig A) attained maximum and minimum temperatures of 24.40C and 14.80C, and humidity of 26.4% during winter and 29.60C and 19.30C during summer with an average humidity of 21.1%. Tamb2 (Rig B) recorded a maximum and minimum temperature of 31.220C and 18.70C during summer with a relative humidity of 20.3%. During winter Rig B attained an average temperature of 22.600C. Furthermore, Rig C (TN03) recorded 32.220C and 21.700C in summer and winter respectively. From the results, it can be deduced that Rig A (TAR 1) with compositions of 20% (wt.) Maize, 10 % (wt.) Millet, 30% (wt.) Rice and 40% (wt.), 30% (wt.) Cow dung; had the best performance. Simulation on results obtained from the rigs was also done using Ansys software. This research showed that results from both software and measured are approximately the same.Item The Cost of Land Registration: a Case Study of Cost Efficiency in Namibia.(International Institute of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, Netherlands, 2003-06) De Vries, W.T.; Georgiadou, P.Y (Yola).; Lewis, J.In the light of the global discussion on reducing public and private expenditure on cadastral processes and services, this article reviews the transaction costs of land registration, based on data gathered in Namibia. The data show a large differentiation in the types of costs incurred in the process, as well as various levels of cost recovery. In addition, the degree to which delays in the operational registration processes influence the total cost to land developers and landowners is reviewed.