Masters and PhD Theses

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ADEQUACY OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE NAMIBIAN PRIVATE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
(Namibia University of Science and Technology, 2019-10) Mugweni, Kudzanai Ephraim
The purpose of the study was to assess the adequacy of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) investigations and The research sought to address the following three objectives. Firstly, to determine all the Standard Treatment Guidelines used for IDA management in the Namibian private healthcare system, followed by the critical appraisal of the level of adherence to the Standard Treatment Guidelines. Finally, this research also sought to establish all the iron profile laboratory tests offered in the private pathology health sector.
An analysis of board effectiveness in a non-profit organisation: A case study of the National Social Marketing Programme.
(2014) Mudabeti, Sibeso Juliet
This study focused on the analysis of board effectiveness in a non-profit organization. The aim of the study was to find out factors that influence the effectiveness of boards; in particular to examine the relationship between board inputs, processes, structures and board effectiveness. The secondary objectives were to determine the factors that influence board effectiveness at NaSoMa; to evaluate the impact of weak board effectiveness at NaSoMa and to come up with strategies that will improve board effectiveness at NaSoMa. The research adopted a mixed method approach which utilizes both qualitative and quantitative approach. It is descriptive in nature and exploratory. The research is rooted on positivist philosophy. Data analysis was done in two stages. The first analysis involved cross tabulations of the collected data. The second part involved computation of the data into SPSS software package in order to examine the degree of association between the independent variables and between them and overall effectiveness using One Way Anova. Frequencies were generated and interpreted through use of figures and tables. Empirical evidence was conducted through the Cronbach’s Alpha at coefficient of 0.70. to determine reliability statistics. The Cronbach`s Alpha was good at coefficient value of .736, which means that the research instrument used in this research was valid and reliable at 74%. The major findings of this study are that NaSoMa board is significantly too small. The absence of board committees’ weakens the board effectiveness. The result shows that NaSoMa board of diVice Chancellors does not have formal sub-committees. It also emerged that the board and management provide strategic direction the organization. The results showed that communication between the board, management and stakeholders is very good. The results show that the board maintains good relationship with management. The board and management are capable of monitoring organizational performance and taking action when required. It also emerged that the board supports and advises management on strategic issues. It is recommended that the board should improve on accountability. NaSoMa should increase its board size if it is to make any sense. NaSoMa should introduce board committees in order to make the board function effectively.
An analysis of the obstacles to effective emergency medical rescue services in Namibia: A case study of Motor Vehicle Accident Fund and Ministry of Health and Social Services bases.
(2014) Shifotoka, Albertina
The study used quantitative and qualitative research methods to investigate the quality of service delivery by the MVA Fund and MoHSS through EMRS bases in Namibia. The positivist research strategy was used for the quantitative non-experimental research survey that includes the gathering and analysis of quantitative data. The sample of the study consisted of 20 respondents, of which 10 were from the EMRS bases (Windhoek, Omuthiya and Usakos bases) and 10 were key informants, representing different key institutions (MVA Fund, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Namibian Police, National Road Safety Council and Roads Authority). The study focused on the analysis of the quality of service delivery by EMRS bases in Namibia. The study also attempted to determine whether there are factors that negatively affect service delivery by the MVA Fund. The study also analysed the current management strategies and policies of the MVA fund in a bid to determine alternative management strategies needed to mitigate the current service delivery challenges. The independent variable used in this study was service delivery and the critical dependent variables that affect service delivery were analysed. The responses to all items were classified and tabulated in different categories using the IBM SPSS 21 software. The coded data were analysed by means of the One-Way Anova at the 5% level of significance in order to determine the relationships among the variables. Significant relationships were identified and interpreted accordingly. In addition, the results of the study were compared with the findings established through literature analysis in order to find out if the current results are in line with what theory says. The major findings indicate that there is much that needs to be done by MVA Fund and MoHSS in the management of EMRS basis so as to improve service delivery. The study concluded that lack of key pieces of legislation reduces confidence when providing services to clients, hence this may lead to poor service delivery. The study also established that the delays experienced in getting patients to medical facilities also indicate poor service delivery and this negatively affects customer satisfaction. The research recommends that more needs to be done in order to improve service delivery by MVA Fund. It also recommends that further research should be carried out to determine the other variables that were not covered in this study, but which may be relevant for the achievement of the objectives of MVA Fund.
Analysis on survival rate of premature and critically sick new-born babies admitted at Windhoek central hospital (WCH), Namibia.
(Namibia University of Science and Technology, 2020-02) Kashele, Selma Ndapandula
Prematurity is the major cause of neonatal death world-wide, Namibia included. In Namibia, the neonatal mortality has increased dramatically from 19 deaths per 1000 live births in 2000 to 30 deaths per 1000 live birth in 2014.
AN ANALYTICAL EVALUATION OF THE ROUTING PERFORMANCE OF P2P AD-HOC MOBILE NETWORK: A CASE STUDY OF NUST STUDENTS ON CAMPUS
(Namibia University of Science and Technology, 2016-11) Pahla, Cephas
Mobile devices have changed from being terminal equipment for making voice calls, video calls, playing games and sending messages to including differing functionalities such as acting as a server and client for sharing information. Information sharing directly between modern mobile phones can be done using Bluetooth or WiFi functionalities. Such a network does not need a fixed infrastructure, thereby allowing people to create Opportunistic mobile phone networks when they need the service, thereby avoiding charges from established service providers. Packet routing in opportunistic wireless networks is a key function to ensure that intermediate nodes act accordingly to achieve end-to-end communication in continuously changing peer-to-peer network nodes positions. Movement and mobility of connecting nodes plays a crucial role in the performance of such a network. Undoubtedly, designing or identifying routing and forwarding mechanisms is a big challenge in this area. In this study, movement of cluster mobile phones of moving students at a university campus was described and mobility models were identified. The main objective was to understand the patterns of mobile phone node cluster movement and derive a model that can be used to evaluate Opportunistic mobile phone network performance metrics like throughput, coverage and delay. Using 802.11 WiFi connection to connect participating mobile phones of moving students, we analysed and compared routing protocols; their features, functionality and benefits, and identified those parameters relevant to the group mobility of mobile phone users identified at NUST campus. This initial study established an understanding of geographical paths of interest for a further study on optimal routing schemes for practical opportunistic networks that may occur at a High Education institution campus when students are moving around and between lecture rooms. Informed by the findings, a free non-fixed infrastructure network model utilizing mobile phones that suit the NUST campus setting, which is fairly affordable and effective for students and staff to communicate locally, is recommended. Some of the most used Proactive and Reactive routing protocols in opportunistic networks were discussed. Simulated results showed that conditions like deterministic, semi- deterministic and random mobility patterns often occur in a network type of the NUST campus setting with Reference Point Group Mobility model closely matching how the inter-lecture movements of students are conducted. Reactive protocols complemented with the mobility pattern identified for the NUST campus, especially when students move in groups. Considering that the number of students always increases each year due to new intakes, we found that the performance differs across different network sizes, if we consider the movement patterns of other schools/faculties at the NUST campus.
Application of mathematical modelling to diesel-fuelled energy emission.
(Namibia University of Science and Technology, 2020-08) Nangolo, Philipus Nghifikepunye
In this thesis the Gaussian plume model is proposed as a method for solving problems related to the transportation of pollutants due to advection by wind and turbulent dif- fusion. The idea of advection and di usion is fundamental to this thesis as well as its mathematical derivations from the initial principles to the explanation of the governing partial di erential equation. Dimensional analysis technique has been employed as well as Fick's rst and second law of di usion. The concentration distribution of a pollutant freed into the atmosphere may be de ned by the advection-di usion equation which is a second-order partial di erential equation of parabolic form. Assumptions underlying the model in this thesis have been explained, their origin from advection di usion equation and the important properties of the plume solution in the atmosphere. The results are then applied to solving problem in which emission rates are strongminded in a given power plant. We demonstrated our outcomes with an application for ongoing research of emission from diesel power plant (Anixas Power Plant, Walvis Bay).
Application of social media analytics to business intelligence in Namibia.
(Namibia University of Science and Technology, 2019-04) Shehu, Mohammed
Social media use within the business and branding spheres has exploded globally over the past few years. While Namibian SMEs are actively involved in social media marketing, there is a lack of deeper knowledge of audience analysis, campaign analytics and proper strategic planning for full benefit extraction. This is compounded by the relative lack of locally produced and published research within the field of social media that explicitly tackles the topic of analytics and social media strategy. Furthermore, existing frameworks present some challenges towards implementation, such as a lack of focus on contextual environmental advantages that might inform creative strategy. Through a literature review of existing platforms and research frameworks, we find that these existing frameworks do not take into account potential perceptions that may help or hamper their implementation among SMEs with differing levels of social media maturity. Guided by qualitative methods like focus groups and brand interventions, and bolstered by quantitative methods like secondary data analysis and public surveys, we find that issues of user perception, messaging presentation and placement are key themes that plague successful implementation and exploitation of social media strategy and analytics data for business intelligence. This research thus presents a better understanding of the local social media marketing and analytics environment, determines currently existing best practices among lager organizations, and uses this data to formalize a social media marketing and analytics framework for Namibian SMEs. The research takes on a pragmatic bent that complements the fast-evolving nature of social media, and theoretically contributes a novel, social-first adaptation of the popular DeLone & McLean Information System Success Model of IS research.
Appraising performance management processes: A case of the DiVice Chancellorate of Customs and Excise, Ministry of Finance, Namibia.
(2011) Shafudah, Ericah B.
This study explores ways of enhancing performance management processes at the DiVice Chancellorate of Customs and Excise (DCE) within the Ministry of Finance (MoF) of the government of the Republic of Namibia. It investigates critical factors that accelerate employee performance and exposes some of the challenges that hinder the effective implementation of performance management processes in DCE. It is important to explore performance measurements and strategies that could be employed by DCE in order to improve the performance management process. This study adopted a hybrid approach; making use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. The multi-method research approach has been chosen taking into consideration two factors: the exploratory nature of the research area and how the DCE employees were deployed at various stations in the country as this makes it difficult for the researcher to physically conduct interviews at every station. Research techniques included one on one interviews and the use of questionnaire. Even though the study made use of both qualitative and quantitative methods and the corresponding techniques, the researcher did not apply hypothesis testing because of the exploratory nature of the topic. Despite inadequate tools to objectively measure staff performance, results showed the need for improvement on performance management processes in DCE. This study identified various critical factors to performance such as the alignment of DCE management plan to the MoF strategic plan; employee‟s attitude and competencies; clear rules, procedures and adequate office equipment. Results showed that appraisals of employees were not informed by neither their job descriptions nor by agreed performance measurements. The absence of an integrated performance management system constituted a major challenge to DCE. Furthermore, inadequate coaching and mentoring for employees below supervisors coupled with less involvement in the planning process constituted obstacles to effective performance in DCE. Most of respondents proposed, as a way forward, the development of a DCE strategic management plan and its corresponding performance management plan, with clear performance measurements.
Assessing the epidemiology of sharps injuries amongst nursing students: a case of selected national health training centres.
(Namibia University of Science and Technology, 2020-10) Ndjitaviua, George
Sharps Injuries (SIs) are a major occupational health and safety issue facing health care professionals today. According to Shiao, McLaws, Huang and Guo (2002), nursing staff are at greatest risk, especially nursing students due to their limited clinical knowledge and lack of experience. Literature on sharps injuries amongst HCWs shows extensively varying numbers of 1.4 up to 9.5 per 100 HCWs per year worldwide (Elseviers, Arias-Guillen, Gorke & Arens, 2014). According to the National Health Training Centres (NHTCs) official website, the Enrolled Nurse/Midwifery Training program students are required to acquire theoretical and practical knowledge in the classroom set-up during the training period (National Health Training Centres [NHTCs], 2018). In addition, students are expected to complete practical learning attachments in hospitals where they are expected to perform invasive procedures that put them at risk of experiencing potentially infectious SIs. This study was conducted with the purpose of establishing the epidemiology of sharps injuries amongst the study population. The study adopted a cross-sectional study design using an anonymous structured self-administered questionnaire as a data collection tool within the framework of a survey procedure. The data were investigated and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software, version 22. The study findings yield that 19.5% of respondents experienced a sharps injury during their training period. The study highlights that the most common reason for injury (6 out of 22 respondents) was the uncapping or recapping needles during injection of patients. This suggests that more emphasis should be accorded to the safety aspects around this procedure. Eighty one percent (18 out of 22) of injuries were self-inflicted while eighteen percent indicated that the needle stick injuries were caused by another person. The NHTCs nursing curriculum committee should revisit the course content on sharps safety, especially on the injection procedure which account for (50%) of SIs experienced by the study subjects. Emphasis should be placed on the correct use of protective clothing/devices. An evaluation should be done to that effect to ascertain competency.
Assessing the likelihood that burrowing gerbils in the central Namib are ecological engineers
(Namibia University of Science and Technology, 2020-08) Shaanika, Halleluya Natanael
Like many other fossorial rodents, gerbils are known to modulate their environments by changing the soil characteristics and conditions via their activities such as ground bioturbation, foraging, defecating and urinating. They play an important ecological engineering role because they can affect water hydraulic conductivity and water holding capacity, mineralization rates, thus plant-available-nutrients and moisture stored in the soil profile. If the bioturbation activities of gerbils affect water availability in the hyper arid environment, gerbils may create patches of favourable micro-sites for vegetation establishment and growth, and thus also affect the structure and function of the vegetation community at the landscape scale. The main objective of this study was to test whether the gerbil species are significantly improving the growth of vegetation through their burrowing activities on the Husab gravel plains in central Namib. In this way I wanted to verify whether they play a functional ecological engineering role in the ecosystem. Firstly, the study mapped out the spatial distribution and density of vegetation patches with and without burrows on the Husab gravel plains of the central Namib and then selected specific areas for in-depth experimental study. The focus was on the effects of gerbils’ burrowing activities by comparing soil nutrients and moisture, and vegetation characteristics between contrasting sites (active burrow patches, inactive burrow patches, no-burrow vegetation patches and their control sites) on the Husab gravel plains. This study revealed that: (1) the spatial distribution and density of vegetation patches with and without burrows is not uniform and that the gerbils mostly prefer the grassy plain over other habitats. (2) The spatial distribution of density of their burrow patches can be explained by soil substrates such as surface cover and hardness. (3) Gerbils through their burrowing activities increase the hydraulic conductivity and soil’s fertility-related variables together with the vegetation cover, abundance and biomass.Thus, it can be concluded that gerbils significantly improve primary productivity through changing the conditions and characteristics of the soil on their burrow patches and this may have a knock-on effect on other organisms at the landscape level. Thus, gerbils may be considered to be essential ecological engineers in the central Namib.
Assessing the Namibian government's policy on improving national food production: A case study of the agronomic sector.
(2013) Ekondo, Fanuel Eita
The third National Development Plan, extending from 2007-12, seeks amongst other things to boost agricultural production at household and national levels in order to increase food security and create opportunities for employment. Government has indicated that Green Scheme initiative is hampered by low incentives for engaging in agricultural product ion and processing, and by unfavourable responses to manufacturing by food processors, manifested by the apparent low level of investment in agriculture and the food-processing sector. We conducted a questionnaire-based study focusing on the operators of eight major irrigation projects in northern and southern Namibia to determine the challenges faced in the economic, political and legal environment , aimed at understanding the underlying constraints to large-scale food production under irrigation. The main objective of the study is to understand the effective mechanisms necessary to boost agricultural production through sound investments into the sector. Data was collected through semi - structured interview quest ions and answers recorded on the questionnaire sheet. Respondents indicated that no incentives for investing in agriculture and food product ion were provided. Private operators of agroirrigation projects bemoaned the unreasonable limited lease period (5-10 years) , making it difficult to recoup any large-scale investment. Technical problems included lack of expertise to operate and service recently acquired modern technologies. Respondents suggested the introduction of longer leases, enabl ing investors to recoup their costs and realize profits from their investments. Project operators called for the training of competent personnel to provide technical services and know-how on the projects as well as the acquisition of new technologies to replace the obsolete equipment current ly in use.
Assessing the roles of community based service providers and healthcare workers in the prevention of relapse among TB infected patients in Namibia.
(Namibia University of Science and Technology, 2019-01) Musuuo, Milka
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis commonly referred to as (TB) is still one of the major health concerns, with high prevalence globally as well as in Namibia. While significant progress has been achieved in the prevention and treatment services of TB in the country, including use of community-based service providers and community-based health workers, the number of relapse cases remained high. The study aimed at assessing the role of Community Based Service Providers in the prevention of relapse among TB infected patients in Namibia.
Assessing the usage of infant industry protection policy in selected manufacturing industries of the Namibian economy.
(2014) Kamhulu, Albertina Tweufiilwa
As part of its Industrial Development Policy, Namibia has made use of an Infant Industry Protection (IIP) policy to protect what are deemed as infant industries. This study investigated how effective the use of this policy has been in the Namibian manufacturing sector, specifically the Pasta and Dairy industries. The main objectives of this study are twofold: firstly, to establish whether IIP has been effective in assisting protected industries to develop and grow; and secondly, to determine whether IIP has been effective in protecting the Pasta and Dairy industries from foreign competitors. Ever since Namibia implemented IIP, no comprehensive assessment has been conducted to evaluate its effectiveness. While this study is perceived to be a pioneering attempt in this regard, its significant reliance on various theoretical literature and previous case studies of industries where IIP has been implemented has to be acknowledged. The thesis utilized both quantitative and qualitative analysis methods to achieve its objective. The quantitative analysis utilized sample data on four impact variables, namely output, exports, imports and number of jobs created. On the other hand, the data used for qualitative analysis was collected through structured interviews with experts from various public and private sector organisations located in Windhoek. The study found that the implementation of the IIP policy has resulted in increased output, exports, and job creation in both the Pasta and Dairy industries. The results also suggest that while IIP has curtailed competitive imports in the Pasta Industry, it has not succeeded to do so in the Dairy industry. On this basis, the study inferred that the policy was ineffective in reducing competitive imports in the Dairy industry. On the basis of the quantitative and qualitative findings, the overall conclusion of the study is that the IIP policy has helped both industries to develop but came short of curbing imports in the Dairy industry. In this light, it is recommended that stronger measures be instituted to improve the effectiveness of IIP in Namibia, particularly with regard to promoting import substitution.
Assessment of Atmospheric Dispersion of Fly Ash within the Vicinity of Van Eck Coal-Fired Power Station, Windhoek, Namibia
(2020-04) Aushiku, Ndeukumwa
Increase in population led to the growth of industrialisation which has stimulated the development of alternatives to produce electricity, including the use of coal. Coal-fired power plants produce an abundant amount of electricity, addressing the ever-increasing electricity demand. Power plants produce fly ash as a result of coal combustion for electric power generation. The Van Eck Power Station is the oldest and only coal-fired plant in Namibia that is located at the outskirts of Windhoek. The power plant produces electricity from the combustion of coal. Its refurbishment began in 2013, to improve its efficiency and allow for longer operational period. Van Eck’s rehabilitation included coal feeders which reduce emissions and new grates for boiler units which reduce ash emissions to ensure that the plant is a cleaner coal-fired power plant. Fly ash is produced when coal is pulverised and blown with air into the boiler's combustion chamber where it directly burns and generates heat. Trace elements in coal deposits would not only contaminate the air, soil and underground water but also have an impact on human health. The thesis was aimed at assessing the possible pollutant elements found in fly ash and soil in areas surrounding the Van Eck Power Station. The thesis was also aimed at modelling the distribution and dispersion of those elements at a particular distance in areas around the Van Eck power plant using the Gaussian Plume Model. Soil samples were obtained from sites within the vicinity of Van Eck Power Station, and XRF Analysis was used to determine the concentration of elements in the soil. To obtain samples of fly ash, fall out buckets filled with distilled water were mounted on poles away from the main source of pollution. The deionised water was analysed using the Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) Analysis method for the detection of elements. Gravimetric analysis was also applied to measure the weight of dust, which in the report is expressed as fly ash. The study revealed more concentration of sulphur oxides specifically as sulphites and sulphates, as well as Zinc, while the rest of the elements of interest were detected significantly in low amount. Others were below the level of detection in both the fly ash and soil sampling. Also, soil sampled near the power plant was detected with a high amount of SOx and Zinc. Fly ash collected showed that areas near the power plant contain more pollutants than areas further from the power plant. Ash captured through the dust-fallout bucket method within the jurisdiction of the power plant was above the South African dust monitoring criteria. The model illustrated that elements during the day were more absorbed than reflected during the night. Based on the research analysis, it was found that the power plant does not produce an abundant amount of pollution due to off-peak operations. However, comprehensive results may be obtained if this type of research is repeated on a different, specified timeframe. The station may require control efficiency compliance measures for noxious gases and particulate matter (PM) concentrations. These results will be important in the formulation of emission limits, air quality guidelines and control of emission of pollutants. Air quality modelling is essential in baseline reports of projects.
Assessment of changes in land cover and forest composition and structure in Okongo community
(Namibia University of Science and Technology, 2020-01) Shikomba, Agnes
Land cover refers to the observed vegetation, structures, or other features that cover the land such as closed forests, open forest, woodland, grasslands, bushland, and settlements. Land cover change is one of the serious threats to the forests and woodlands of Namibia, and it is mainly triggered by forest resource utilization and conversion to agriculture by local communities. As one of the mechanisms to control land cover change, Namibia introduced the Community Forests (CF) programme for local communities to own, manage and use forest resources sustainably. Therefore, this study assessed changes in land cover in Okongo Community Forest (CF) in Namibia for the period 2003 – 2017 by comparing the Okongo CF with the areas outside Okongo CF. The study also monitored major changes (trends) in forest composition of Okongo CF since it was gazetted. The study area is situated in the Okongo constituency in the eastern part of Ohangwena region and includes Okongo CF, Omufitu Wekuta CF, within Okongo Conservancy. The study area was divided into five sub-areas - Okongo CF, Omufitu Wekuta CF, the central buffer zone, the buffer east and the buffer west to compare the land cover change. The study adopted a mixed approach by analysing land cover on satellite images (2003 Landsat 7 satellite imagery and 2017 Landsat 8 satellite imagery) and forest inventory data for 2000 and 2015 derived from the National Forest Inventory database. The satellite image data collected were analysed quantitatively using a GIS and FRAGSTATS technology for landscape metric calculations. The inventory data were entered and organised in Excel. Trees were placed in diameter at breast height (DBH) classes and the stem density, mean DBH, and basal area of all measured trees were determined. DBH distribution was studied for the timber species such as P. angolensis, B. plurijuga, B. africana and G. coleosperma, as well as stem densities and basal area per ha. The main land cover changes that occurred for the period 2003 – 2017 between Okongo CF and areas outside Okongo CF include a decrease of forest/shrubs land in three of the five sub-areas: the buffer west (-4.7%), Omufitu Wekuta CF (-4.6%), and the central buffer zone (-6.9%). Forest cover remained close to the same in Okongo CF (0.2 %) and the eastern buffer (-0.01%). An increase in bare land was found in the buffer east of the study area (260.1%) and Omufitu Wekuta CF (557.7%). However, the Okongo CF showed more declined in bare land (-98.1%) than other parts of the study area. About 0.67% of the study area was converted to settlements area and this includes part of Okongo, Omufitu Wekuta CF and the central buffer zone. As for human activities, it is agriculture that showed an increase in all areas with much increase experienced in the buffer west (77.3%), Omufitu Wekuta CF (85.1%) and the central buffer zone (113.1%) of the study area. The study found that the eastern part of the study area (includes Okongo CF and the xiv buffer east) shows hardly change in forest/shrubs cover and agriculture. The FRAGSTATS analysis of landscape metrics for landscape structure and patterns Spatio-temporal fluctuations showed that patch density generally increased for nearly all land cover classes except for bare soil (80 ha). Largest patch index decreased for forest/shrubland (94.2%) as compared to other land uses and the interspersion and juxtaposition index (IJI) decreased for forests/shrubs land (15%) and bare land (1%) while it increased in agriculture land (9%). The study found that the mean DBH of all measured tree species in 2000 inventory was significantly higher than the mean DBH of 2015 inventory (p-value = 0.003). There were no significant differences in the distribution of frequencies of timber tree species between the 2000 and 2015 inventories (U=44.5, p=0.684). This study found a significantly lower count of 250 stems per hectare for the 2000 inventory as compared to the 2015 inventory with 300 stems per hectare (p-value = 0.021). The study found that the mean DBH of timber species (P. angolensis, B. plurijuga, B. africana and G. coleosperma) in 2000 and 2015 was not significantly different (p=0.875). There was no significant difference between the basal cover of 2000 and 2015 inventory (p-value = 0.737). It is concluded that the Okongo CF experienced a positive and favourable decrease in bare land class and area converted to bare land in comparison with the other parts of the study area. The study also concluded that there is a favourable increase in an area that was converted to forest/shrubs land compared to Omufitu Wekuta CF, the buffer west and the central buffer zone. Another small patch of an area of the Okongo CF was converted to agricultural land and settlements whereas the remainder of the area remains forest/shrubs land. This suggests that there has been sustainable land use management in Okongo CF since its gazettement in 2006. Considering the effects of changes in areas outside Okongo CF, it was recommended that the Government must consider extending strategies employed in Okongo CF to Omufitu Wekuta CF to realise positive gains, introducing indigenous forests plantations and educating people to increase awareness on the importance of conserving forests.
Assessment of community dependency on forest resources and their roles in Sustainable Forest Management: A case of Kavango West region in Namibia
(Namibia University of Science and Technology, 2019-11) Natanael, Mirjam Ngowina
This study examines the dependency of rural communities on forest resources and their perceptions towards Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) in the Kavango West region of Namibia. The study also investigated the roles of communities in SFM. The study further examined the socioeconomic factors that influenced communities’ participation in SFM. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 239 randomly selected households in January and February 2019. The data collected was analysed through descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and binary logistic regression. The study found that communities significantly depend more on forest resources (p = 0.000). Rural community plays role in SFM (p = 0.010). The results further show that employment status (p = 0.002) and types of farming activities (p = 0.040) significantly influence community participation in SFM. Activities which should be carried by community to increase their participation in SFM include tree planting, harvesting of forest resources, fire suppressing and prevention, decision making and policing. The study concluded that consideration to socioeconomic characteristics of households living around the forest is essential in SFM. Therefore, policy measures that aim at increasing forestry income and generating non-forest opportunities for rural communities are important to reduce forest dependency and enhance conservation.
Assessment of dust exposure and risk of chronic respiratory diseases among stone corrie quarry workers in Namibia, 2018.
(Namibia University of Science and Technology, 2019-04) Shihepo, Saima
Quarry mining produces substantial dust amounts bearing an adverse effect on human health in several ways, mainly the respiratory system. Even though employers are obligated to protect their employees from occupational hazards, the quarry mining industry in Namibia has failed to honour that obligation. This study investigated quarry workers and the surrounding community’s exposure to dust as well as their risk of getting chronic respiratory diseases in the Erongo region of Namibia. Objectively the study assessed the amount of silica emitted in quarry dust emissions from selected Namibian quarry mines in compliance with national and WHO Air Quality Standards. Secondly, this study made an evaluation of health risks connected to dust exposure amid quarry workers and surrounding communities of 1km radius to selected quarry sites. Lastly, this study established appropriate interventions to deter dust exposure effects on quarry workers and the surrounding community. A cross-sectional descriptive study was done with 233 quarry workers and community members from selected quarry mines around Karibib. Self-administered interview questionnaires were used to both quarry workers and community members. Respirable dust levels were evaluated in different work stations using Spirometry. Binominal logistic regression analysis was used to predictable the overall outcome of quarry dust exposure on respiratory outcomes, while linear regression predicted the exposure-related effect on lung function. Workers were stratified according to the cumulative dust exposure category. The highest mean dust level, by quarry site, was 1.13 mg/m³ (SD: 0.58) recorded among workers from Site A and the lowest was 0.63 mg/m³ (SD=0.38) at Site B. In relation to job types, excavation had the highest mean dust level of 1.20 mg/m³ (SD: 0.65) and wire saw the lowest at 0.54 mg/m³ (SD=0.42). The most prevalent of the respiratory symptoms reported by the quarry workers were coughing (57%) and the corresponding percentage among the community members was lower (14%). There were more respondents with 10 or more years in quarrying (78%) who reported coughing compared to 58% or less among workers with less than 10 years in the job. Statistical links between the lung function assessments and quarry site, job specification, or years in quarrying among the quarry workers (p>0.05) were not established. Lung function outcomes between the quarry workers and community members (p>0.05) did not also show a substantive difference. However, a significant statistically difference between quarry workers and community members, with 13 of the 120 of quarry 8 workers (11%) diagnosed with obstructive or restrictive lung functioning compared to none of the 96 community members. There were statistically significant associations between smoking history and the lung function assessments FVC1 Pred% and FEV1 Pred%. Workers with 6-10 years of smoking history had significantly lower mean scores on both these measures compared to non-smokers. The study found that there were no medical examinations records at any of the studied sites. The study recommended that routine occupational medical check-up is performed for each and every worker of the quarry mines. Environmental administration systems, such as dust management plan, can be used in quarries to minimise the generation of dust. Regular environmental audit and monitoring of quarrying activities should be enforced in order to ensure adherence to the standards and limits of the concentrations of the dust generated from the different stages of their operations.
ASSESSMENT OF PHENOTYPIC PROPERTIES OF THE RHESUS AND KELL BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS AMONG BLOOD DONORS AND PREGNANT WOMEN IN NAMIBIA
(Namibia University of Science and Technology, 2019-04) MATARANYIKA, MARY NYARADZAYI
A determination of the phenotypic frequencies of blood group systems C, c, E, e and Kell among the Namibian blood donors and pregnant women and the prevalence of these antigens in Namibia was carried out. Two thousand nine hundred and eight six blood donor specimens and four hundred and eighty-four specimens from pregnant women were randomly selected for antigen characterisation. Donated specimens that were processed for grouping and Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTIs) by NaMBTS and ready for discard were collected by the researcher for testing. The main aim was to determine the prevalence of C, c, E, e and Kell antigens among the Namibia blood donors and pregnant women and advice NaMBTS and the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) on the findings in order to improve the outcome of patients who will be receiving donated blood and the pregnant women. This was to lay the foundation for further studies to establish a database for typed donors in Namibia and then store blood that is antigen negative and reduce the risks of Haemolytic Disease of the Foetus and the New-born (HDFN) and Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction (HTR). In some cases, the survival of the red blood cells that will have been transfused is shortened by the effect of transfused antigens. This is the first time this research has been carried out in Namibia.
An assessment of the impact of ethical practices in the public procurement process on Namibia's socio-economic objectives.
(2014) Hamutenya, Fransiska Kandambo
Discussions around the public procurement system in the local media have been largely negative. Many articles have revealed mismanagement in the system. The emphasis of these articles has been on the need to uphold transparency and accountability in the way public procurement is conducted in Namibia. The Namibian experience is that the tendering process seems transparent on the surface, especially in connection with the sending out of tender invitations. However, the process becomes less transparent during the awarding process, which has in some instances necessitated recourse to the courts. As a result of these course cases, it could be said that the Namibian community has reached a point where the weaknesses in the current public procurement system can no longer be ignored. This study sought to address some of the flaws in the public procurement system, by interviewing people who have some knowledge of the system. Findings of the study confirm that there are weaknesses in the current system which needs to be addressed. The results further show that the control mechanisms that have been put in place are seriously ineffective. After reviewing the control mechanisms in place, suggestions are made to strenghten them. In terms of socioeconomic development, the findings indicate that the public procurement system could contribute to job creation and poverty reduction. The study also reveals that there is no comprehensive code of ethical conduct for Board Members and staff in the public procurement establishment. The researcher suggests that further research be conducted on areas that were not touched on in this study, such as the practice of exemptions, to evaluate the impact of exemptions on the image of the Tender Board, on the Secretariat, and on the tender process – in the context and spirit of anti-corruption.
An assessment of the role of leadership practices in successful high schools in Windhoek.
(2014) Silume, Morgan Simataa
The researcher in this study assesses the leadership practices of headteachers in successful secondary schools in Windhoek, specifically as it is compared to the annual performance of grade10 learners at the participating schools. The researcher reveals the relationship between the leadership practices of principals and their ability to be transformational, distributed and instructional in their leadership behaviors. The researcher further explores the characteristics of effective and successful schools and their significant impact on the performance of grade 10 learners over three years (2010-2012). The participants of the study are one hundred and forty-three (143) senior secondary school teachers drawn from ten successful high schools in Windhoek. SPSS and QCA are used to analyze data gathered for this academic endeavour. The study confirms that the leadership behaviours of principals in successful Windhoek high schools are compatible with transformational leadership, distributed leadership and instructional leadership theories. Some demographic variables are also studied to determine the impact participants’ differences in gender, their professional qualifications and the school to which they belonged, had on the results of the study. The relationship between the principals’ years of professional experience and gender do not account for a significant correlation with the leadership practices principals in the study at hand exercise at their schools. Neither the gender nor the professional experience of principals is considered significant in this study. However, the principals should have been part of the school during the specific years to which the study pays particular attention. The research recommends that the Education Ministry and boards should establish and implement programmes that help to foster transformational, distributed and instructional leadership skills among school principals. Programmes such as seminars, workshops and updates on school administration would be of great help. The study also confirms that the participating schools in this research are ‘effective schools’ as their characteristics proved significant correlations with the characteristics of effective schools enshrined in the literature review of this study. The study recommends that principals should be leading professionals focused only on achievement. The performance of schools under their leadership should always be evaluated and activities efficiently organised with clear and fair disciplinary procedures. Windhoek secondary school principals of underperforming schools are encouraged to utilise transformational, distributed and instructional leadership practices as effective models for ensuring cooperation and constructive partnership, characterised by openness, trust and professionalism. Finally, the study also endorses that the Ministry of Education should integrate leadership practices of principals and the characteristics of effective high schools with activities of continuous assessment and evaluation of their performance.

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